Today's KNOWLEDGE Share :HAVING DESIRED EPOXY RESIN CONTENT

 Today's KNOWLEDGE Share

Why need to set optimum Epoxy Resin content for COPV applications?
The strength of composites depends predominantly on their reinforcements.I have identified from my experience in the Type 4 composite cylinder project that has been proved that the resin content directly affects the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and other mechanical properties of laminates.

It is mandatory to have studied the fracture analysis of the resin system and carbon fiber laminates to identify the problems in the fracture analysis and to be sorted out before proceeding to the prototype stage in the project.
Based on the manufacturing set up,production time &expected properties of the composites,need to select the right grade of epoxy resin with hardener.
Hardener plays a vital role in getting the suitable epoxy resin system.There's a deep understanding of the epoxy chemistries and its curatives are needed to select the right choice of hardener for the Type4 composite cylinders.

I have seen many failures when not selecting the suitable raw materials for the Type 3/4 COPV applications.Aliphatic,Aromatic and Anhydride based hardeners can be tried out before selecting the right matrix to meet the design requirements.If followed properly,half of your problems will not rise in the testing phase.

The more resin content and the high fiber content will cause more delamination/void in the final product.It is mandatory to stick with the right resin content throughout the process to have the uniform stress distribution in the entire carbon fiber laminate.I have witnessed more resin content will pass it on burst test and do show up failure on fatigue cyclic testing.Certain resin behavior will pass on initial tests but surely do showup the cylinder's efficiency in the end results on fatigue cyclic tests.

I always suggest my clients to have their own R& D team to conduct different resin content for example to say 30% or 35%/40% even higher or lower based on your customized epoxy resin system that suits for composite Hydrogen cylinder applications.Electron microscopy is used to scanned the the tensile strength results fracture morphology observed and analysed on each % resin system.
It is advisable to perform tensile strength and elastic modulus versus different percentage of epoxy resin content respectively and observed the results and find the optimum percentage of resin content that yield excellent results.This will give you the right understanding of your composite laminates and which resin system gives the better result.

Though fibers bear the stress,it is essential for the matrix to have optimum % content with not higher or lower thus leading to decrease in the mechanical properties of the carbon fiber cylinders.Interfacial bonding in between fiber and matrix need to planned well to avoid not infiltrate the fiber in the resin system thus lead to stress transfer failure and performance failures as well.

Muthuramalingam Krishnan

Today's KNOWLEDGE Share : Extensional Flow

Today's KNOWLEDGE Share

Why should we avoid branched polymers in Injection Molding and always keep thickness constant when possible ?

In a transition from thick to thin, the polymer undergoes substantial extensional flow. This aspect of flow is challenging to measure in a lab and difficult to implement correctly in Flow Analysis. When polymers are non-linear in their chain structure a strong "strain-hardening" will appear, resulting in unexpectedly high pressure drop at these thickness transitions. Runner to gate transitions may present significant pressure drop due to this elongational viscosity effect (possibly hundreds of bar, thousands of psi).

We have of course many other good reasons to keep thickness as uniform as possible, first of which, the attempt to have uniform freezing rates everywhere, get uniform packing and minimize differential shrinkage.

sourece:Vito leo

Today's KNOWLEDGE Share : POM vs other plastics

Today's KNOWLEDGE Share

Some of the key advantages and limitations of POM compared to other plastics are highlighted below:

POM vs Nylon

POM has lower moisture absorption and better dimensional stability than nylon

It has higher tensile strength, hardness and modulus than nylon

Nylon offers higher toughness, ductility and impact strength compared to POM

Nylon has better chemical resistance than POM, especially to bases, oils and greases

POM provides lower coefficient of friction than nylon

POM vs Polycarbonate

POM has much higher strength, hardness and stiffness than polycarbonate

PC offers very high impact resistance compared to brittle POM

Polycarbonate has superior temperature resistance up to 140°C vs 90°C for POM

POM has lower moisture absorption and better dimensional stability

PC has higher ductility and fracture toughness compared to POM

POM vs Polyimide

Polyimide can withstand much higher temperatures than POM

It has excellent strength retention at high temperatures vs POM

POM offers better impact strength and machinability

Polyimide has superior wear resistance and chemical resistance

POM has lower density and moisture absorption compared to polyimide

source:beeplastic.com

Today's KNOWLEDGE Share:Tosaf to Unveil Innovative Property-enhancing Masterbatches at Fakuma 2024

Today's KNOWLEDGE Share

At Fakuma 2024, Tosaf will be presenting its latest developments in the field of property-enhancing masterbatches for the plastics industry. One focus will be on the optimization of products made from PET and rPET in particular.

The company will also be presenting its new PPAX color masterbatches for coloring PPA, PFAS-free processing aids for film extrusion and halogen-free flame retardants for PP. Examples of Tosaf's commitment to sustainability will include the CO2 footprint calculator, bio-based materials, recyclates and biodegradable plastics.

Optimizing the Properties of PET and rPET:

As to be shown at Fakuma, Tosaf offers a wide variety of solutions for PET and rPET that help to optimize quality, efficiency, sustainability and costs during processing and recycling. With regard to the aesthetics and functionality of PET packaging, additives are available that correct the color and gloss of rPET or prevent water droplets from depositing on the inner walls of packaging.

Additives for absorbing and eliminating oxygen from the headspace of packaging, UV protection additives and - especially for milk containers - ultra-lightproof white masterbatch help to extend product shelf life. Acetaldehyde scavengers prevent changes in the flavor of water in rPET bottles. Processing aid additives prevent electrostatic charging or change the surface properties of PET to prevent blocking and reduce the coefficient of friction. Special IR absorbers facilitate thermoforming with uneven wall thicknesses without impairing clarity.

Additives are used to improve the properties and quality of rPET by linking shortened PET polymer chains and thus increasing the molecular weight. Compatibilizers enable the recycling of PET-PCR blends that are contaminated with polyolefins or barrier plastics such as PA and EVOH. An NIR-reflective black masterbatch facilitates sorting during recycling.

HFFR for Safe Fire Protection with PP

FR8719PP is an innovative, halogen-free flame retardant (HFFR) from Tosaf for PP pipes or molded parts that are used, for example, for laying and fixing cable conduits and for conducting liquid media. Even in low concentrations, it makes it easy to comply with strict fire protection criteria and thus enables a switch to a more sustainable solution without the products losing any of their flame retardancy and properties. Processing advantages are the good dispersing behaviour in the melt and the very low formation of dye build-up during extrusion. If halogen-free is not a priority, brominated flame retardants such as FR6413PE and chlorinated, low-cost grades such as FR0049PE from Tosaf offer high thermal stability and fire protection without compromising the product properties.

PFAS-free for Improved Processability

Tosaf's PFAS-free processing aids for the extrusion of polyolefins can be used without restriction instead of conventional formulations for film production. They meet the FDA and EFSA food contact requirements and, depending on the grade, are optimized in terms of either their rheological or their optical properties such as light transmission, haze and clarity. The unproblematic behavior of PFAS-free monomaterial PE films in recycling is an advantage.

Coloured PPA without Loss of Properties

With PPAX, Tosaf Color Service has developed a new colour masterbatch carrier system that is based on the high-performance plastic PPA (polyphthalamide) and is combined with specially selected pigments that allow high processing temperatures. This makes it possible to produce products made with it in brilliant and varied colours without reducing the high heat resistance, very good strength, stiffness and toughness, low moisture absorption and high chemical resistance. It can also be used to laser mark-coloured parts.

Documented Sustainability

Tosaf is leading the way on the ‘green path’. It quantifies and reports on its carbon footprint down to product level, utilizes solar energy and offers a portfolio of products based on renewable sources or recyclate. Thus, the company is already prepared for a further tightening of regulations. At the same time, Tosaf is fulfilling its customers' desire to maintain relationships with environmentally conscious partners. The company has already undergone global validation for the ISO 14064 standard for quantifying and reporting greenhouse gas emissions in 2021. This now covers the entire life cycle of a product and does not end at the factory gate. Tosaf calculates its carbon footprint for the production facilities as a whole as well as for the products themselves and makes the results available to customers on request to calculate their own sustainability figures.

Tosaf is also continuously expanding its portfolio of sustainable solutions. Options include bio-based concentrates that use coffee grounds and eggshells as fillers, polymers from renewable sources and recycled polymers. These are supported by a collaboration with recycling plants for various polyolefins and polystyrene.

source: Tosaf/polymer-additives.specialchem.com

Today's KNOWLEDGE Share : "Scientists develop novel method for strengthening PVC products"

Today's KNOWLEDGE Share

Researchers have developed a way to make one type of plastic material more durable and less likely to shed dangerous microplastics.

The study identified a secure way to attach chemical additives to polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Found in everything from toys, construction supplies and medical packaging, PVC plastics currently rank third among the most used plastics worldwide. Despite its widespread use, pure PVC is brittle and sensitive to heat, and manufacturers can only utilize it after stabilizing its properties with other chemicals.

However, these additives, or plasticizers, are only a short-term fix for stabilizing PVC. Over time, plasticizers leach from the plastics, which allows the material to deteriorate into potentially hazardous organics and microplastics. Now, a team led by Christo Sevov, the principal investigator of the study and an associate professor in chemistry and biochemistry at The Ohio State University, found that using electricity to permanently affix those chemical additives can prevent such unwanted reactions.

"Instead of mixing in those chemicals, our method involves chemically bonding the plasticizer compound directly to PVC by grafting them onto the backbone of the polymer," said Sevov.

Altering PVC molecules in this way allows for them to become more durable and resistant to chemical changes, eventually leading to materials with more robust properties.

"This is really one of the few examples that we have where there's this much control over changing the properties of PVC," said Sevov. "So this is the first step in controllably modifying PVC to give it properties you're interested in, whether it's hard, stretchy or soft."

The team did run into some challenges; synthetic polymer modifications often fail because the reactions were originally developed for small-molecule analogs, not big-molecule analogs such as pure PVC. To solve this, researchers optimized the catalyst they used in their process, and through trial and error, were able to overcome the issues that arise when editing big molecules.

The study was recently published in the journal Chem.

Outside of making leaps in organic chemistry, the team's work also has implications for the environment, as putting a cap on how quickly plastics degrade can do much to curb the release of microplastics - tiny pieces of plastic debris -- into our surroundings.

Today, scientists know that these particles, which have been found to pollute the air, water and our food supply, are harmful both to humans and wildlife. The average person likely ingests between 78,000 and 211,000 of these particles every year.

But as experts are beginning to understand the long-term impact microplastics have on Earth, organic chemists are racing to find ways to phase them out of everyday life, said Sevov.

"Many chemists are shifting their efforts to studying big molecules and developing new chemistries for upcycling, recycling and modifying well-known polymers," he said. For example, trying to recycle PVC products can cause further degradation to the material due to the high temperatures it takes to convert plastic into something else, so the process isn't very efficient.

But using Sevov's method, "You can potentially reuse the material many, many more times before it really begins to fall apart, improving its lifetime and reusability," he said.

In the future, more control over which materials will be safe for consumers will come once efforts to fix PVC leakage can be reliably scaled up, something that the study emphasizes that, at the moment, is possible with their method alone.

"There's no better way to do this on the scale you would need for commercial PVC modification because it is an immense process," said Sevov. "There's still a lot to play around with before we solve the microplastic situation, though now we've laid the groundwork for how to do it."

Other Ohio State co-authors include Jordan L.S. Zackasee, Valmuri Srivardhan, Blaise L. Truesdell and Elizabeth J. Vrana. This work was supported by the Department of Energy's Early Career Research Program.

source:Ohio State University/sciencedaily.com

Basalt Stone available in India

Basalt Stone available in India:

We have Basalt rock available in India with more than a couple of million tonnes available for sale under government license.

For bulk order,you can visit our place with your geologist and can test the available stone /powder for your future requirements.

Applications:

Basalt fiber have been widely used in manufacturing of tanks,rope,honeycomb panel,fire resistant panel,braiding,Basalt chopped fiber reinforcements with asphalt road and concrete,rebars,Tubes,Geogrid mesh reinforcement for roads,Mufflers filler,Fabrics for thermal resistance,generator blades,headliners,brake pads,sports parts,thermoplastics composites etc.

BASALT ROCK TEST RESULTS:

BULK DENSITY:2.94 g/cm3

SiO2:52.6%

Mn:14.9%

Al2O3 :7.7%

#basalt #basaltrock #basaltfiber

TYPE 4 COMPOSITE CYLINDER REPORT

LATEST TYPE 4 COMPOSITE H2/CNG CYLINDER PROJECT REPORT:

Newly added latest technological advancements in the composite cylinder manufacturing process and options on starting the project in the right direction to win the race in the global market.

This report is available on competitive pricing-Moving toward a user friendly and a safer environment.Let's understand the market before venturing into the business.

This report has covered the following topics:

■An overview landscape of the market

■Global Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs) market

■ Latest technological advancements in Type 3/4 COMPOSITE H2/CNG Cylinder market

■ Merger & Acquisition

■ Major players share

■ Investment structure

■ Standards

■ costing and certification

■ Automotive Type 4 CNG/H2 Composite cylinder market in India and the rest of the world

■ Bulk transportation Type 4 CNG Composite cylinder market in India and the rest of the world

■ Swot analysis

■ The durability of the Type 4 Composite CNG cylinder

■ Initial Project cost to set up CNG/H2 manufacturing line

■ Strategic Model followed by the KEY PLAYERS

■ Economic efficiency & safety,

■ The Future Trends in Composite CNG/HYDROGEN Cylinder market

Interested companies/Professionals contact me at rosaram211@gmail.com to get more information on the PRICING of the report.

Gruntech Polymer Consultants offers consulting services for composite LPG/CNG/H2 cylinder design,manufacturing,Training,Testing and International/Domestic standard approvals.

#type4cylinders #hydrogeneconomy #composites #cng #carbonfiber #zeroemission #lightweight