Ireland’s first biomethane bus starts passenger operations in Cork

Bus travelers in Cork were the first passengers to ride a ‘green bus’ in Ireland on March 25.  With zero carbon emissions, this biomethane vehicle is a viable alternative for Ireland’s public bus fleet, and the bus has been part of national trials looking at its performance, air quality impacts and CO2 emissions, among other criteria. “Energy Cork has been advocating the benefits of adopting CNG and biomethane for our public bus fleet in Cork for a number of years, so we are delighted to be making a journey on Ireland’s first zero carbon emissions bus,” said Michelle O’Sullivan, Energy Cork spokesperson and Cork Chamber Public Affairs Senior Executive.

“Never has the demand for public transport been greater in Cork with the city centre expecting an additional 10,000 jobs in the next 5 years. We have the opportunity now to shape how we grow and be proactive in adopting technologies that work for the city and which protect our environment and air quality. This technology is tried and tested with examples of biomethane bus fleets in Stockholm, Lille and Nottingham to name just a few cities. We are very keen to see this technology supported by the National Transport Authority and hope to see these buses rolled out in Cork in the not too distant future,” she added.

Faced with EU deadlines to reduce harmful greenhouse gases, and following Budget 2018, Ireland will no longer be able to purchase diesel buses for public transport as of July 1 2019. The Department of Transport, Tourism & Sport has been carrying out technology trials of hybrid diesel, fully electric, electric hybrid, CNG and biomethane buses in Cork and Dublin in recent months to review performance. The buses have been traveling key routes in the urban bus transport network, but have been weighted rather than carrying passengers so this recent operation represents a landmark in Ireland’s move to a greener public transport system.

The first passenger bus journey of its kind in Ireland picks up from Lapps Quay in Cork city and travels to the SFI (Science Foundation Ireland) funded Centre for Marine and Renewable Energy (MaREI) in Ringaskiddy where passengers have the opportunity to gain insights from leading gas and algal biofuels researcher Professor Jerry D. Murphy on the research and focus of the work ongoing.

Dónal Kissane, Commercial Manager, Gas Networks Ireland said, “We are delighted to welcome members of Cork Chamber, Energy Cork and MaREI/UCC to take part in Ireland’s first carbon neutral bus journey. Unlike the diesel buses currently in operation, this bus runs on renewable gas, and its journey will have a zero carbon emissions footprint.  We believe that the future of public transport in Ireland will be based on renewable gas, using waste from the agriculture and food industry.”

Source: Gas Networks Ireland

Dow Uses Post-consumer Recycled Plastic to Improve Performance of PMA Roads

As part of Dow’s commitment to reducing plastic in the environment and delivering circular economy solutions through innovation, the company constructed two new polymer modified asphalt (PMA) roads by improving them with post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) at its Freeport, Texas facility. Both private roads—Plastics Road and Gulfstream Road—are now open for traffic.

DuPont’s Technology Enabled Several Benefits for the Road

Enabled by DuPont™ Elvaloy® asphalt modification technology, these roads achieved the following:

• Used 1,686 pounds of recycled linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) plastic —the equivalent weight of 120,000 plastic grocery bags
• Covered a combined length of approximately 2,600 feet
• Saved PMA material cost
• Met Performance Grade 70-22 requirements

“We’re excited about the technological implications of this project, and it’s worth mentioning that PCR helped to reduce the material cost of PMA in road construction,” said Jennifer Li, global construction sustainability leader and ICT infrastructure & construction marketing manager at Dow. “For many, a circular economy can seem unrealistic. It becomes far more realistic when they see how sustainability efforts can be supported by improved performance and cost savings.”

Further Improving Roads for Different Climates and Conditions

As Dow researchers examine the results of this project—a collaboration with Martin Asphalt, American Materials and Vernor Material & Equipment—they plan to monitor the longevity and performance of the PMA roads to further improve them for a variety of climates and conditions. Dow is developing plans to use next-generation recycled plastic mixtures to improve parking lots at its Midland, Michigan headquarters.

“Our global sustainability team is dedicated to identifying new construction end-use projects with our value chain collaborators,” said Li. “Imagine the impact if one day recycled plastic or used packaging (that isn’t recycled today) could be used to improve several high-performance roads and parking lots across an entire city, highway system or corporate campus.”

100 Metric Tons of Waste Diverted from Landfills

In combination with PMA projects around the world, Dow has now laid more than 26 miles of PMA pavement. This has diverted 100 metric tons (more than 220,000 pounds) of waste from ending up in a landfill as litter.

Before this North America pilot, the company began improving roads with recycled plastic in Depok City, Indonesia in 2017 to help the Indonesian government reach its goal of reducing plastic waste in the ocean by 70 percent by 2025. Following that trial project’s success, Dow turned its attention to India, where it worked with KK Plastic Waste Management, Ltd., Rudra Environmental Solutions and two local governments to implement roads improved by plastic in the cities of Pune and Bangalore. Most recently, Dow began a collaboration with Siam Cement Group in Thailand to begin improving asphalt roads with plastic.

Source: Dow

Researchers Discover Unexpected QHE Effect in Thin Graphite Sheets

Researchers at The University of Manchester have discovered unexpected phenomena in graphite thanks to their previous research on its two-dimensional (2D) relative – graphene.

The Quantum Hall Effect in Bulk Graphite

The team led by Dr Artem Mishchenko, Prof Volodya Fal’ko and Prof Sir Andre Geim, discovered the quantum Hall effect (QHE) in bulk graphite – a layered crystal consisting of stacked graphene layers. This is an unexpected result because the quantum Hall effect is possible only in two-dimensional materials where the movement of electrons’ motion is restricted. 

They have also found that the material behaves differently depending on whether it contains odd or even number of graphene layers - even when the number of layers in the crystal exceeds hundreds. The work is an important step to the understanding of the fundamental properties of graphite, which have often been misunderstood.

Graphite Delivering Different Phenomenas

“For decades graphite was used by researchers as a kind of 'philosopher's stone' that can deliver all probable and improbable phenomena including room-temperature superconductivity,” Geim commented. “Our work shows what is, in principle, possible in this material, at least when it is in its purest form.”
In the work, published in Nature Physics, Mishchenko and colleagues studied devices made from cleaved graphite crystals, which essentially contain no defects. The researchers preserved the high quality of the material by encapsulating it in another high-quality 2D layered material – hexagonal boron nitride. This allowed nearly perfect samples of thin graphite to measure electron transport in this material.

“The measurements were quite simple.” explains Dr Jun Yin, the first author of the paper. “We passed a small current along the device, applied strong magnetic field and then measured voltages generated along and across the device to extract longitudinal resistivity and Hall resistance.

Samples with QHE Accompanied by Zero Longitudinal Resistivity

Prof Fal’ko who led the theory exploration said: “We were quite surprised when we saw the quantum Hall effect accompanied by zero longitudinal resistivity in our samples. These are thick enough to behave just as a normal bulk semimetal in which QHE should be strictly forbidden.”

The researchers say that the QHE comes from the fact that the applied magnetic field forces the electrons in graphite to move ‘in a reduced dimension’, with conductivity only allowed in one direction. Then, in thin enough samples, this one-dimensional motion can become quantized thanks to the formation of standing electron waves. The material goes from being a 3D electron system to a 0D one, with discrete energy levels in a magnetic field.

QHE Sensitive to Even & Odd Graphene Layers

Another big surprise is that this QHE is very sensitive to even/odd number of graphene layers. The electrons in graphite are similar to those in graphene and come in two “flavors” (called valleys). The standing waves formed from electrons of two different flavors sit on either even - or odd - numbered layers in graphite. In films with even number of layers, the number of even and odd layers is the same, so the energies of the standing waves of different flavors coincide.

The situation is different in films with odd numbers of layers, however, because the number of even and odd layers is different as there is always an extra odd layer. This results in the energy levels of the standing waves of different flavours shifting with respect to each other and means that these samples have reduced QHE energy gaps. The phenomenon even persists for graphite hundreds of layers thick.

Fractional QHE in Thin Graphite at Low Temperatures

The unexpected discoveries did not end there: the researchers also observed the fractional QHE in thin graphite at temperatures below 0.5 K. The fractional QHE is a result of strong interactions between electrons. These interactions, which can often lead to important collective phenomena such as superconductivity, magnetism and superfluidity, make the charge carriers behave as particles with a charge that is a fraction of that of an electron.

“Most of the results we have observed can be explained using a simple single-electron model but seeing the fractional QHE tells us that the picture is not so simple,” says Mishchenko. “There are plenty of electron-electron interactions in our graphite samples at high magnetic fields and low temperatures, which shows that many-body physics is important in this material.”

New Stepping Stone for Further Studies on Graphite

Graphene has been in the limelight these last 15 years, due to its many superlative properties, and graphite was pushed back a little by its one-layer-thick offspring. Mishchenko adds: “We have now come back to this old material. Knowledge gained from graphene research, improved experimental techniques (such as van der Waals assembly technology) and a better theoretical understanding (again from graphene physics), has already allowed us to discover this novel type of the QHE in graphite devices we made.

“Our work is a new stepping stone to further studies on this material, including many-body physics, like density waves, excitonic condensation or Wigner crystallization.”

The Manchester researchers say they now plan to explore all those phenomena and theoretical predictions using the fact that their thin graphite samples are as perfect as materials can be.

Source: The University of Manchester

Nouryon has unveiled a new version of its Butanox M-50 Vanishing Red peroxide at JEC World, a leading trade event for the composites market. The new version contains a less-hazardous dye solvent that makes it safer for customers to handle and reduces its environmental impact while maintaining its industry-leading performance.

Safer for Customers and Reduces Environmental Impact

Vanishing Red is widely used by customers in the composites market as part of the curing process for unsaturated resins. Its red color gradually vanishes as resins cure, allowing customers to better monitor the dosing, mixing, and curing progress. Vanishing Red is especially useful for automated processes used to make products such as wind turbine blades and boats.

Prevent Failures without Leaving a Trace

“Customers using automated dosing equipment may face problems if peroxide doesn’t properly flow through the dosing line, leading to under-cured or uncured end products,” said Raymond ten Broeke, Polymer Chemistry Customer Support Engineer at Nouryon. “This can be very costly to manufacturers if molds need to be cleaned. Using Vanishing Red peroxides helps prevent such failures without leaving a trace that any indicator was used.”

Johan Landfors, Managing Director Polymer Chemistry at Nouryon, added:

“We are proud that Vanishing Red offers our customers in the composites market a safer and more sustainable solution for curing unsaturated polyester resins. This is the latest in a series of products we have introduced to better serve and grow with our customers in this important market.”

Nouryon recently expanded its peroxides offering in North America with the launch of its Butanox-branded product line of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and the launch of emulsion-based organic peroxides. The company has also expanded capacity in Mexico and the United States. Another expansion project in Mexico is due to be completed this year and additional capacity is also scheduled to come online in Brazil, China, and India.

Source: Nouryon

BASF Ultramid® GF-reinforced PA Use in Fuel Cells Pushes Electric Drive Concepts Ahead

In close cooperation with Joma-Polytec and Mercedes-Benz Fuel Cell, a subsidiary of Daimler AG, the engineering plastic Ultramid from BASF has successfully been used to manufacture a number of fuel cell system components. This innovative solution is being used as standard in the new Mercedes GLC F-CELL, which combines a fuel cell with a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. 

Plastics increase efficiency – not only in hybrid, plug-in and electric vehicles but also in internal combustion engines. 

Andreas Stockheim, Segment Manager Powertrain and Chassis at BASF explains, “Our extensive plastics portfolio offers all sorts of advantages which help us to satisfy specific customer requirements, depending on the drive concept and the specific component,” 

“By continually developing new products in close collaboration with our customers, we are also able to adapt our portfolio to trends and changes in the market.”

Meeting Quality & Safety Requirements in Automotive Industry

The high quality and safety requirements in the automotive industry place huge demands on materials. BASF is able to keep pace with car manufacturers’ latest developments, while also setting innovative trends with versatile and sophisticated polymers such as:

• Polyamides (Ultramid®)
• Polybutylene terephthalates (Ultradur®)
• Polyphthalamides (PPA)
• Polyoxymethylene (Ultraform®)
• Polyethersulfone (Ultrason®)

Technical properties and high functionality are key here. For the Mercedes GLC F-Cell, it is the all-round excellence of Ultramid’s properties that counts: 

• Good thermal and chemical resistance
• Dynamic stiffness
• Impact strength, and
• Good long-term performance

“Earlier tests with other materials revealed mechanical problems, so Daimler had very specific requirements for the material,” explains Stefan Milimonka, Key Account Manager in BASF’s Performance Materials division.

“Our expertise with plastic automotive components and the extensive choice of existing products meant that we were able to work out possible solutions with our partners and identify the right material. It shows that with specialist knowledge and good cooperation between everyone involved, a complex project like this can be brought to a successful conclusion.”

Three Partners – One Tailor-made Solution

In conjunction with Joma-Polytec GmbH and Mercedes-Benz Fuel Cell GmbH, a subsidiary of Daimler AG, a development project was initiated. Its aim: to find an optimal solution satisfying the extensive range of requirements including thermal stability, media resistance, and durability.

In view of the unique material structure, and on the basis of intensive material analyses of the chemical and mechanical resistance, the partners ultimately decided on the tailor-made Ultramid grades:

• Ultramid® A3WG10 CR
• Ultramid® A3EG7 A3EG7 EQ

Glass Fiber-reinforced Polyamides for Sensitive Applications

Following successful testing of all components, the two-glass fiber-reinforced Ultramid polyamide grades are now being used as standard to manufacture the anode- and cathode-end plate in fuel cells. 

Ultramid A3EG7 EQ is an ideal material, given the exceptional purity requirements associated with sensitive applications in the electronics industry. In the case of the media distribution plate and the water separator unit, which is exposed to a wide variety of media through the cooling water, air and hydrogen channel, this Ultramid grade offers excellent resistance, while at the same time meeting all requirements regarding the purity of the material.

“Thanks to BASF’s extensive product portfolio and the specialist knowledge of all the parties involved, we have taken an important step forward in the serial development of fuel cells,” is how Stefan Heinz, deputy head of plastics technology development at Joma-Polytec GmbH, sums up the project. “We worked together to analyze the stringent requirements and were able to put in place a highly efficient solution.”
 

Source: BASF

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New Lightweight Hybrid Metal & Polymer-matrix Composites for Automotive & Aerospace

In the EU research project “ComMUnion”, the two Aachen-based Fraunhofer Institutes for Production Technology IPT and for Laser Technology ILT, in collaboration with 14 partners from industry, research and academia, are developing industrial processes and solutions for hybrid lightweight design by combining metal and polymer-matrix composites for automotive and aerospace applications. Hybrid components made of steel, locally functionalized with fiber-reinforced plastics combine high mechanical performance with low weight.

The project partners are presenting the component made using this method to the professional visitors at the lightweight construction trade fair JEC World in Paris on the “Composites in Action Area” at Booth 5D17.

Combined Process, Suitable for Mass Production

The new hybrid manufacturing process is based on a combination of laser texturing and laser-assisted tape placement: 

• For this purpose, components are first pre-processed using the laser to provide a specially developed, defined, rough surface structure.
• The textured surface allows the continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic lightweight materials, which will later be used for stiffening, to be bonded directly to the steel component.
• The bond is then mechanical, eliminating any need for additional pre-treatment measures or additional adhesion promoters, such as adhesives or bonding agents.

The stiffenings made of thermoplastic fiber-reinforced plastics, which are especially adapted to the expected loads, are joined to the component using a tape placement process. 

• The laser heats the thermoplastic tapes locally in the joining zone to the steel.
• The matrix material melts and flows into the laser textured cavities.
• After solidification of the melt material, the tape with the embedded unidirectional fibers adheres to the roughened surface of the steel part.

Optimized Mechanical Strength

The advantage of combining these two laser processes comes to the fore precisely when the mechanical properties of the component need to be improved locally without increasing the component’s weight significantly. The process is particularly suitable for mass production, as no further post-processing steps, such as curing operations, are required to consolidate the material after tape placement. 

Additionally, precision localized heating reduces distortion and residual stresses while joining the two materials. The laser texturing process, which has been developed at the Fraunhofer ILT, can also be applied in a reproducible way to the metal surface, precisely at the locations where the textures are needed. Additionally, the laser is not subject to any tool wear.

Presentation of the First Hybrid Car Body Part at JEC World 2019 in Paris

The research partners have now finished a first demonstrator component made of high-strength steel and unidirectional fiber-reinforced thermoplastic tape in order to validate the applicability of the process in the form of a proof-of-concept. The two Fraunhofer researchers Kira van der Straeten from the Fraunhofer ILT and Tido Peters from the Fraunhofer IPT manufactured a hybrid lightweight rocker panel, a body component for the automotive industry, to test and prove the functionality of the process combination as part of the ComMUnion project.

The project partners are presenting the component to the professional visitors at the lightweight construction trade fair JEC World from 12 to 14 March 2019 in Paris on the “Composites in Action Area” at Booth 5D17. The “ComMUnion” project is funded by the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program of the European Union under Grant Agreement No. 680567.

Source: Fraunhofer Institutes for Production Technology IPT

New Recyclable Self-reinforced PLA Composites for Auto & Medical Applications

Driven by the wish to tackle environmental issues and work towards the EC Plastics Strategy, the composite materials developed in the Bio4self project are fully bio-based, easily recyclable, reshapable and even industrially biodegradable. The composites are produced using one type of material: Poly(lactic acid) or PLA, a thermoplastic bio-polyester derived from renewable resources such as agricultural waste, non-food crops or sugar cane. 


Apart from some medical applications (e.g. tissue scaffolds), PLA use is currently very limited, e.g. low-demanding packaging or agrotextiles. Bio4self brought PLA to the next level of application, such as parts for automotive and home appliances, by combining two types of PLA to form so called self- reinforced PLA composites (PLA SRPC).

The associated partners in this project are Centexbel, Comfil, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft.

Overcoming PLA SRPC Production Challenges

Two different PLA grades are required to produce SRPCs: a low melting temperature PLA grade to form the matrix and an ultra-high stiffness and high melting temperature PLA grade to form the reinforcing fibers. 

The two PLA grades selected for Bio4self have a melting temperature difference of about 20°C, leaving a sufficient temperature processing window. Bio4self innovations overcome several challenges related to the production of PLA SRPC: 

• Formulation of a moisture/humidity-resistant PLA grade
• Melt extrusion of ultra-high stiffness PLA reinforcement fibers
• Development of (consolidation and thermoforming) manufacturing procedures to produce the highest performance SRPC material; and
• Industrial scale-up of production

Key Benefits of Self-Reinforced Composite

• Biobased: composites made from two PLA grades with different melting temperatures
• Performance: high mechanical strength, temperature and hydrolytic stability
• Cost: far below carbon fibre composites, comparable to or even below SR-PP
• Upscalable: using commercially-available materials and industrial equipment
• EoL: re-usable, recyclable or industrially compostable as the composite is made of PLA

As a result, the PLA SRPC developed in Bio4self matches the requirements of current commercial self-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Self-reinforced PLA composites made of 0/90 fabric have a stiffness of 4 GPa, which is comparable to the stiffness achieved by self-reinforced PP, but the PLA SRPC has the advantage of using renewable materials with a better end-of-life perspective.

This innovation has been selected as a finalist for the JEC Innovation Awards 2019 in the Sustainability category.

Source: JEC Group

Researchers Develop Self-healing Composite; Prototype on Display at JEC World 2019

Researchers from EPFL's Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites have developed a material that can easily heal after being damaged. This cutting-edge composite could be used in aircraft, wind turbines, cars and sports equipment. 

When a wind turbine blade or an airplane is hit by something, the damaged part has to be either replaced or patched with resin. Replacing the part is expensive, while repairing it with resin can make it heavier and change its properties. But now, with this new, patented technology, researchers at EPFL have found a way to quickly and easily repair cracks in composite structures.

Heat-based Self-healing System

"With our technology, a repair agent is incorporated in the composite material," says Amaël Cohades, a researcher at EPFL School of Engineering's Laboratory for Processing of Advanced Composites (LPAC). 

Cracks in the resin can be repaired on site in little time by simply heating the material to 150°C. The heating process activates the repair agent, and the damaged part quickly heals, without any change to the original properties. This new-to-the-market technology can be applied to all sorts of structures, extending their lifespan at least threefold. 

The material’s properties and initial crack resistance are the same as those of traditional composites. What’s more, the technology is compatible with current manufacturing processes, so production facilities do not need to be retooled.

This technology could be particularly useful for wind turbines and storage tanks. "The cost of maintaining the world's wind turbines alone is estimated at 13 billion Swiss francs in 2020," says Cohades. He says the technology could also be applied to "many parts that we don't bother to repair at present, like bikes and car bumpers." 

One limitation is that the material doesn't heal if the impact breaks the fibers. But since the resin is always damaged first, this heat-based self-healing system would still work in the majority of cases.

A Prototype on Display at the World Composites Show

Thanks to an EPFL enable grant, designed to help EPFL scientists move their ideas out of the lab, the researchers were able to create a standard aerospace prototype. This part, made from fiberglass-reinforced resin, demonstrates how the healing process works. It is presented at the JEC World Composites Show in Paris from 12 to 14 March 2019. In addition, the researchers are now setting up a startup to market the new materials.

Source: EPFL

Braskem Announces Studies Focused on Transforming Post-Consumer Plastics

Seeking solutions that contribute to the circular economy and to sustainable development, Braskem announces new partnerships for the development of chemical recycling. It will be focused on transforming post-consumer plastics, such as grocery bags and packaging films for snacks and cookies, once again into chemical products that can be used by various different value chains and will benefit the general public. Braskem has applied its knowledge and commitment once again to move the industry towards the circular economy.

Research into Technologies Transforming Plastics

The partnerships seek to further research into technologies that can transform plastics that are more difficult to be recycled mechanically into new chemical products. The research is being conducted in partnership with:

• Polymer Engineering Laboratory (EngePol) at the Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute of Graduate Studies
• Research in Engineering of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (COPPE/UFRJ)
• SENAI Institute for Innovation in Biosynthetics (SENAI CETIQT)
• Cetrel (an environmental service company that started its activities in 1978 jointly with manufacturers located in the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex)

"As we strive to reach a true circular economy, we recognize the challenges and limitations posed by traditional recycling technologies. Braskem is committed to developing, implementing and offering sustainable solutions. Chemical recycling and its potential to overcome all these challenges and limitations will enable us to achieve this goal. We are accelerating these efforts through partnerships and collaboration with other companies that think like we do in order to reach these targets as soon as possible," explained Gus Hutras, head of Process Technology at Braskem.

Technological Route Complementing Braskem’s Initiatives

This new technological route complements the initiatives that Braskem has recently undertaken to contribute to the Circular Economy, which is a production concept that involves reducing, reusing, recuperating and recycling materials to create a sustainable cycle from the production phase to the reintegration of materials in a new production process.

"These studies in chemical recycling uphold the principles of Braskem, which drives innovation to develop sustainable solutions. Every day, we want to create businesses and initiatives that increase the value of plastic waste," said Fabiana Quiroga, head of Recycling. "The advantage of chemical recycling lies in its capacity to process and transform plastic waste back into a raw material that can be used to make new plastics," she added.

To add value to materials made from recycled resins, Braskem has maintained, since 2015, the Wecycle platform, which combines the need for proper disposal with the market's demand for sustainable raw materials. The platform works to develop businesses and initiatives that add value to plastic waste through partnerships, which enhances the development of products, solutions and processes that involve all links of the plastics recycling chain by supporting businesses and actions involving recycling.

Braskem's Initiatives to Promote the Circular Economy

Braskem, the Americas' largest resin producer and the world's leading biopolymer producer, has defined a series of global initiatives to boost the Circular Economy in the production chain of manufactured plastic goods. Entitled "Braskem's Positioning for the Circular Economy," the document establishes:

• Initiatives for forging partnerships with clients to conceive new products that will extend and facilitate the recycling and reuse of plastic packaging, especially single-use packaging
• It also establishes higher investments in new resins derived from renewable resources, such as Green Plastic made from sugar cane, and support for new technologies, business models and systems for collecting, picking, recycling and recovering materials

Braskem invites its clients and other stakeholders to join forces. The initiatives also include encouraging consumers to get involved in recycling programs through educational actions focusing on conscientious consumerism, the use of life cycle assessment tools and support for actions that improve solid waste management to prevent the disposal of debris in marine environments.


Source: Braskem